Engineering Surveying || Types of Surveyings || Objects of Surveyings || principles of Surveyings || Uses of Surveyings

  ENGINEERING SURVEYING:

     Engineering surveying involves determining the position of natural and man-made features on or beneath the Earth’s surface and utilizing these features within the planning, design and construction of works. it's a critical part of any engineering project.

> Creating topographical or marine navigational maps.

 > Preparing plots.

 > Planning for brand spanking new construction projects.

 > Estimating projected paths of roads, railways, power lines and irrigation systems.

 > Assessing and recording the boundaries of various properties to determine land ownership.

 > Analyzing topography.

 > Assessing the position of existing structures like highways, canals, dams and bridges.

 > Planning and constructing mines .

 > Preparing for military operations and engagements.

 > Charting navigational routes.

Types of Surveyings : 

   Although construction is that the most common type, engineers have to survey a wide range of features, from mountains to oceans to rivers. Engineers use several differing types of civil engineering surveys, including:

 1: Construction surveying:

 Construction surveying is beneficial for assessing the arrangement of the buildings, roads, power lines, gas mains and other structures surrounding potential construction sites. Analyzing this information makes it easier to plan construction projects.

2: Deformation surveying:

 Deformation surveying helps to determine if a geographical or man-made feature, like a road, foundation, coastline or river, is changing shape. In deformation surveying, engineers record the three-dimensional coordinates of specific points. After a while has elapsed, they record the coordinates again to work out if they have changed. A comparison of the 2 data sets can reveal if deformation or movement has occurred.

3: Geological surveying: 

 Geological surveying maps out features of the physical landscape, like rivers, valleys, mountains and more. Satellite data is important for geological surveying, and engineers frequently use satellite data or aerial photographs to assist them in their work.

4: Hydrographic surveying:

 Hydrographic surveying is analogous to geological surveying, but it maps out coastlines specifically. Accurate hydrographic surveying is crucial to the work of the Coast Guard and any marine rescue operations. It also helps create navigational maps for sailors and assists conservationists in managing coastal resources.

5: Topographic surveying:

 Topographic surveying analyzes the form and physical features of a particular landscape. Engineers assess the peak of different geographical coordinates and then draw contour lines to indicate areas of the same elevation. they will then use these findings to create topographical maps and to assess terrain for future building or infrastructure projects.

>Objects of surveying:

 1) the first object of survey is the preparation of plan estate or buildings roads, railways, pipelines, canals, etc. Or to live area of field, state, nation.

 2) Object of geodetic surveying is to work out precise positions on the surface of the earth of widely distant points.

Uses of Surveying:

 1: to organize a topographical map this shows the hills, valley, rivers, villages, town, etc, of a rustic .

 2: to organize a cadastral map showing the boundaries of fields houses, and other properties.

 3: to organize an engineering map to show details like roads, railways, canals, etc.

 4: to organize military map showing roads and railways, communication with different parts of country.

 5: to organize contour map and to determine capacity of a reservoirs and ton find the best possible route for roads, railways etc. 

 6: to organize archeological map including places where ancient relics exist.

 7: to organize a geological map showing areas including underground resources.

Principles of surveying:

There are two fundamental principles.

 1 ) To figure from the whole to the part.

 > Control points: – triangulation of traversing.

 > Triangulation divided into large triangle.

 > Triangles- subdivided in to small triangles.

 > to regulate and localize minor errors.

 >> On the opposite hand –It we work from the part of the whole; small errors are magnified & uncontrollable at the end.

2 ) To repair the position of new stations by at least two independent process. The stations are fixed from points already fixed by...

 > Linear measurement or

 > Angular measurements or B

 > Both the linear and angular measurements.

 >>E.g. Chain surveying- main lines & stations points are checked by means of check or tie lines.